Folding case

- There are circumstances where it can be very useful…to force a string to all uppercase or all lowercase.…SQL provides the upper and lower functions for this.…We're gonna use the world database,…and type in a select statement with a string here.…And you notice, there's our result.…Now, if I want to compare that with a string…that's all lowercase, using the comparison operator equals,…and when I run Go, you notice the result is zero, or false.…

However, if I put both of these in lower functions,…and I compare them, now, I get true,…because if they're both converted to lowercase,…then they are the same string.…Of course, the same is true with upper,…and when I run that, I also get true.…If I use this in a query from a database,…upper of the name column from city,…and order by name,…you'll notice something interesting about this.…

The accented characters, like this Spanish ene,…or this accented A,…these accented characters are not converted.…The SQL database engine only converts ASCII characters,…and depending on the colation algorithms on your system,…